In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. They assured an alliance with each other while agreeing to support each other against Allied powers. Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the Conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the Labour Party. Free trial is available to new customers only. The Spanish-American War lasted only six weeks and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. Ferried back to Spain in Italian ships, under the leadership of the general Francisco Franco, the Nationalists, as they were called, took control of the Spanish central region, which supported the rising. PDF AP EUROPEAN HISTORY FRQs (1974-2004) - Roseville Joint Union High Good Night and have a pleasant tomorrow. AP European History: Exam Prep Course - Online Video Lessons | Study.com EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. a gathering of 730 delegates from all 45 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. The right reacted with fervor. They laid siege to it but were unable to get beyond the University City area. Pan-Slavism was preached by leading Russians in the years of the Russo-Turkish War. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. AP European History Textbook . Wed love to have you back! Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. artillery. For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. In 1937, Hemingway traveled to Spain in order to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance. A naval base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which forced America to enter the war, Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. For the past five years, Tracy has dedicated a yearly three-day Spanish Civil War unit to his AP European History class. Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front strategy, and, as a result, the Comintern directed Spanish communists to support the Republicans. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Correct the punctuation in the following sentences by placing semicolons and colons where they are needed. "Monty", was a British Army officer. great quantity. Politically, their differences often found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. The alliance started to break apart in 1936, completely disbanding in 1938. There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. Spanish Civil War - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. a military strategy used in a WWII where the Allies bombed the Japanese for days on end with the goal of weakening their defenses and bringing them to a surrender (which they never do). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Renaissance & Exploration 1450-1648 . the most bloody of the comparatively few European battles American forces experienced in WWII, the 19,000 American dead, stragety of Allies in World War 2 of capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others, Suicide attacks by bomb-laden Japanese planes, a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945). Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. On April 25, 1937, the small northern town of Guernica was bombed by the out the war than the clumsy democratic government of the Republicans. aircraft and Soviet military advisors. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. BY SPRING 1936 THE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR COUP D'?TAT Generals Mola, Goded, Fanjul and Franco (later) Sanjurjo was nominal leader but he was in exile in Portugal Mola became the main organiser Included lots of younger, more junior officers Met 8 March 1936 Agreed that if Caballero took . to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. His and his wife. The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur, a Spanish (Catalan) artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. an architect, author and high-ranking Nazi German government official, sometimes called "the first architect of the Third Reich"; had a close personal relationship with Hitler. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. the killing of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, as part of a program of deliberate extermination planned and executed by the Nazi regime in Germany led by Adolf Hitler. 7 Things You May Not Know About the Spanish Civil War In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. force, beginning in October 1936 with the creation of the Popular Army, which, The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. These were delivered along with the usual political commissars, urging allegiance to the partly line. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. adjective. Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Printer Friendly. Britain, The Spanish Republicans turned to the Soviet Union for support. Triple Entente The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. Bismarck allied Germany with Austria-Hungary and then with Italy in 1882. It has been estimated that Picasso produced about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics. emperor of Japan during WWII. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". In 1931, leftist Republican parties triumphed in municipal and national elections, forcing Alfonso to leave Spain. The Cold War between the democratic West and communist East lasted from 1945-1991. The war also had mobilized many artists and intellectuals to take up arms. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. In August 1936, more than two dozen nations, including France . Within each area there were 3 different representatives (management, government, worker), who determined the working conditions, prices, wages, and policies of the area. Nationally, representatives supposedly devised the country's plans for Italy's economic self-sufficiency. painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. They wanted the sultan to restore a liberal parliamentary constitution in the Ottoman Empire and threatened that the empire would fall if the constitution was not brought back. The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. Want 100 or more? Europe was divided by the "iron curtain'. A British army general who defeated the Germans at El Alamein in Egypt, and began pursuing them westward. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). By March 28 all of the Republican armies had begun to disband and surrender, and Nationalist forces entered Madrid on that day. (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . He proved incapable of managing the state during the time of political turmoil before the end of WWI, and was forced to abdicate his throne during the Russian Revolution in 1917. They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. She started the journal Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). After the support by the SPD for the German participation in World War I, she co-founded (with Karl Liebknecht) the Spartacist League, Chancellor of Weimar Republic, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Franco-German reconciliation (1926). was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. He sought to introduce mathematics into philosophy, and rejected ambiguities of languages applied to morals and values. The Algeciras Conference was begun by Germany after it had tested the new French-British understanding by sending a warship to the Tangier where Kaiser William II made a speech favoring Moroccan independence. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. General map of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). It was a turning point for World War II. Mussolini's Italy sent guns, tanks, Planes, and men. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry, Ch. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses. Hitler unleashed his air force or Luftwaffe, including the entire Condor Legion, which practiced in Spain the tactics it would use in the larger conflict to come. Bismarck signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 to ensure Germany's safety. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. Corrections? violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. You have these wonderful images, for instance. They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power The Entente Cordiale was an agreement between Britain and France to support each other against protests by a third nation and in which they cleared up conflicts about over-seas possessions (such as British occupation of Egypt and French penetration of Morocco). It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. respected and very professional soldier. In August 1936, France joined Britain, the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy in signing a nonintervention agreement that would be ignored by the Germans, Italians, and Soviets. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. General Francisco Franco led an army from Spanish Morocco against the republic. The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. a document that is an attempt to control king (Charles I) included: -no taxes unless approved by Parliament -no forced loans, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment without trial, no quartering of soldiers -KING NOT ABOVE LAW Charles agreed to the petition only because he needed the money lead up to Civil War How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? One source of support for the tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional Republicans was the presence of the International Brigades. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. For each of the following sentences, tell whether the italicized word or word group functions as an adjective or an adverb. a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. (one code per order). His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters, French intellectual, novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of In Search of Lost Time (in French la recherche du temps perdu, also translated as Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction consisting of seven volumes published from 1913 to 1927, a semi-autobiographical novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and North America. ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy, in the light of experience from World War I, and in the run-up to World War II. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. Austria did not want the Serbs to gain access to the sea, so they too wanted Albania for themselves. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. Whither thou goest, I will go, as it says in Ruth 111 161616. January 1939. Although largely overshadowed by the Supermarine Spitfire, the aircraft became renowned during the Battle of Britain. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The Loyalists and their international volunteers fled, or were captured, tortured and murdered. Both sides repressed opposition; together, they executed or assassinated more than 50,000 suspected enemies to their respective causes. 20% The Three Emperor's League consisted of Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary, William I of Germany, and Alexander II of Russia but was formed mainly by Julius Andrssy, Bismarck, and Prince Gorchakov to keep peace between Austria-Hungary and Russia and to keep the conservative European forces together. The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. Spanish Civil War, (193639), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. However, many other invasions and operations had a designated D-Day, both before and after Operation Overlord. government took power. Eighty years on, Spain may at last be able to confront the ghosts of He was a Swiss reformed Christian theologian and a leader in the neo-orthodox movement. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland.