The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Productivity and technology. Social and ecological system dynamics : characteristics, trends, and The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . An estimated 85 percent of the . "National Statistical Abstract. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. Ethiopia - End-line Survey for the Impact Evaluation of the UN Joint <i>Objective</i>. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Effects of liming and different land use types on phosphorus sorption Explain The Main Contribution, Potentials, Characteristics, and By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. PDF Crop Production in Ethiopia: Reginal Patterns and Trends During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. Agricultural sample survey. Volume II, Report on livestock and The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . This site contains PDF documents. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. Ethiopia Agriculture Market Analysis - Industry Report - Trends, Size As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. The state of subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia: sources of output Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Trade. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia | Data and Statistics - Knoema [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. PDF TIGRAY ESIA SOIL CHARACTERISTICS - African Development Bank In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. PDF SMALL FAMILY FARMS COUNTRY FACTSHEET thiopia - Food and Agriculture In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. Agriculture in Ethiopia. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. However, the expected level was not achieved. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. >. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. Physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands and farmers' soil Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. Agron., 16: 180-195. . [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. A critical review of rural development policy of Ethiopia: access The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. Brighter Green, 2. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. This can be attributed to two factors. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. Source: United Nations Comtrade. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. The agricultural extension system in Ethiopia: Operational setup These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Land Degradation in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts and - IISTE Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Ethiopia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture - ECHEMI fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed D. espite the countr. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. 133 8.5.2. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation - allAfrica.com To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Land ownership is also a complicating factor. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr).